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Purpose: agents, intention and outcome

CEFR B2

What you will learn

  • Preserve distinct actors in purpose clauses.
  • Distinguish a negative goal from an established consequence.
  • Evaluate inferences about purpose and subject constraints.

Before you start

  • Master final-verb subordination, cases and subject–verb relations at B1.

The idea

damit includes an explicit subject, distinguishing the facilitator from the intended actor.

damit includes an explicit subject, distinguishing the facilitator from the intended actor. In um…zu, the implicit actor is normally recovered from the main subject. Changing the construction can reassign the action.

Purpose expresses intention, not demonstrated success. sodass presents a consequence. Closing a door to reduce noise may fail; do not turn that intention into an observed outcome without evidence.

Negation belongs to the goal when an action is to be avoided: um niemanden zu stören. Preserve who avoids what and punctuate the subordinate clause. damit is also possible with identical subjects; there is no grammatical ban.

Relations to preserve

FormReading and checking
Lena hält die Tür auf, damit Karim den Wagen hineinbringen kann.damit includes an explicit subject, distinguishing the facilitator from the intended actor. In um…zu, the implicit actor is normally recovered from the main subject. Changing the construction can reassign the action.
Karim geht leise, um niemanden zu wecken.Purpose expresses intention, not demonstrated success. sodass presents a consequence. Closing a door to reduce noise may fail; do not turn that intention into an observed outcome without evidence.
Sie hat das Fenster geschlossen, sodass es nun ruhiger ist.Negation belongs to the goal when an action is to be avoided: um niemanden zu stören. Preserve who avoids what and punctuate the subordinate clause. damit is also possible with identical subjects; there is no grammatical ban.

How it sounds

  • Lena hält die Tür auf, damit Karim den Wagen hineinbringen kann.Lena holds the door; Karim is meant to bring the trolley inside. damit preserves the distinct actors without asserting success.
  • Karim geht leise, um niemanden zu wecken.Karim walks and intends not to wake anyone. um…zu expresses this negative goal without asserting success.
  • Sie hat das Fenster geschlossen, sodass es nun ruhiger ist.sodass presents the quieter conditions as a consequence of closing the window. It does not identify the closer’s intention.
Three scenes: a woman holds a door for a man carrying two boxes on a cart; a man walks on tiptoe beside two sleeping people; a woman closes a window facing traffic.
Purpose: agents, intention and outcome

Preserve the relation

View the illustration

Choose the answer meeting the task and its German justification. Read the alternatives before checking. Die Lehrerin spricht langsam. Ihr Ziel: Die neuen Teilnehmer verstehen sie. Wer versteht in der passenden Fassung?

Choose an answer

Answer available without interaction

Answer: Die Lehrerin spricht langsam, damit die neuen Teilnehmer sie verstehen. — Die Teilnehmer sind die vorgesehenen Verstehenden.

damit retains the participants as understanders. The other sentences change either the speaker or the person understanding.

Check the reformulation

View the illustration

Choose the answer meeting the task and its German justification. Read the alternatives before checking. Tarek trägt Kopfhörer, weil er seine Nachbarn nicht stören möchte. Sein Ziel, nicht ein nachgewiesener Erfolg, soll erhalten bleiben.

Choose an answer

Answer available without interaction

Answer: Tarek trägt Kopfhörer, um seine Nachbarn nicht zu stören. — Tarek handelt selbst mit dem Ziel, Störung zu vermeiden.

um…zu retains Tarek as the actor and the negative goal. The weil sentence asserts that the neighbours remain undisturbed and attributes this result to the headphones, although only an intention is documented. The other purpose clause changes the actor to the neighbours.

Evaluate the scope

View the illustration

Choose the answer meeting the task and its German justification. Read the alternatives before checking. Ein Schild wurde angebracht, damit Besucher den Eingang finden. Es gibt keine Beobachtung ihres Verhaltens. Welche Folgerung ist zulässig?

Choose an answer

Answer available without interaction

Answer: Das Schild soll Besuchern beim Finden des Eingangs helfen. — Das Schild wird als Hilfe mit einem Ziel angebracht.

Only the intended help is known. Neither success nor an intention on the visitors’ part is established.

When it doesn't hold

What breaks the rule, said out loud. Hiding it is what makes you feel cheated in the exam.

  • Karim walks and intends not to wake anyone. um…zu expresses this negative goal without asserting success.Karim geht leise, um niemanden zu wecken.
  • sodass presents the quieter conditions as a consequence of closing the window. It does not identify the closer’s intention.Sie hat das Fenster geschlossen, sodass es nun ruhiger ist.

What your own language pushes you to say

Wrong Die Trainerin wiederholt den Ablauf, um ihn selbst zu verstehen.

Right Die Trainerin wiederholt den Ablauf, damit die Gäste ihn verstehen.

Context: the trainer repeats the procedure so that the guests understand it. damit retains the guests as the subject of verstehen.

Transfer to a new case

Solve the new case in German and justify the decisions. Check against the criteria, not just the model wording. Die Bibliothekarin stellt zusätzliche Lampen auf. Ziel: Die Gäste können die Handschriften lesen. Die Bibliothekarin möchte dabei niemanden beim Arbeiten stören. Ein Erfolg wurde noch nicht geprüft. Formuliere beide Ziele mit passendem Subjektbezug und erläutere, weshalb sodass hier zu viel behaupten würde.

Answer available without interaction
  • Preserve distinct actors in purpose clauses.
  • Distinguish a negative goal from an established consequence.
  • Evaluate inferences about purpose and subject constraints.

Answer: Die Bibliothekarin stellt zusätzliche Lampen auf, damit die Gäste die Handschriften lesen können. Dabei möchte sie niemanden beim Arbeiten stören.

The first purpose separates the installer from the readers; the second retains the librarian. Success is not asserted. damit sie niemanden stört is also accepted; exact wording is not required.

Continue along this corridor

The zu-infinitive, and um…zu for purpose